Principal aim of social capital is to coordinate actions between single persons and collective entities. Because of a different coordination mechanisms it should be indicated that there are following types of positive social capital: family capital, company capital, market capital and public capital. The theory presented by R.D. Putnam regards mainly to public sector. Social capital of market in static approach is defined as a social structure that ensures reliability of participants of the market exchange. However in dynamic approach it is assumed that this phenomenon is a process that happens in following order: trust - social capital - reliability. In this paper author discusses the opinion that trust is a cognitive category and therefore he presents the hypothesis that individual trust is socially determined by formal and legal norms. The state agencies ensures feedback between reliability and the motivation system. Accumulation of social capital of market is an effect of collective operations that harmonize with social norms.

The article is devoted to the work of Elinor Ostrom, the winner of the economic Nobel Prize in 2009. It presents the main principles of Ostrom's theory, underlining its role in the development of theoritcal reflection in social and economic sciences as well as its practical dimension helping to find solutions for effective commons governing. The authors present arguments that Ostrom's research results are of great significance: they contribute to the development of the so called second generation theory of collective action by combining results from experiments with field research and have an immense practical effect proving the importance of social capital and other "intangible" factors for overcoming collective action dilemmas, increasing economic effectiveness and achieving long-term sustainability.

The report shows that material conditions are fundamental to social cohesion, particularly employment, income, health, education and housing. Relations between and within communities suffer when people lack work and endure hardship, debt, anxiety, low self-esteem, ill-health, poor skills and bad living conditions. These basic necessities of life are the foundations of a strong social fabric and important indicators of social progress. The second basic tenet of cohesion is social order, safety and freedom from fear, or "passive social relationships". Tolerance and respect for other people, along with peace and security, are hallmarks of a stable and harmonious urban society. The third dimension refers to the positive interactions, exchanges and networks between individuals and communities, or "active social relationships". Such contacts and connections are potential resources for places since they offer people and organisations mutual support, information, trust and credit of various kinds. The fourth dimension is about the extent of social inclusion or integration of people into the mainstream institutions of civil society. It also includes people's sense of belonging to a city and the strength of shared experiences, identities and values between those from different backgrounds. Lastly, social equality refers to the level of fairness or disparity in access to opportunities or material circumstances, such as income, health or quality of life, or in future life chances.

Authors dig in a vast literature and research on developmental potential of social capital and - building on number of data concerning social capital diversity - claim that it is to be considered as particular type of developmental resource only in a particular configurations of bridging and bonding capital and, what is much more important - in particular social context of strong grid, as hypothesised by Mary Douglas in Cultural Bias.

The prevailing way of understanding, what social capital is, stresses it's positive functions and effects on the society and on individuals. The article, however, underlies the negative aspects of social capital in both 'bridging' and 'bonding' versions. The author summarizes critical arguments concerning political usage of the social capital concept, shows it's negative functions, and why focusing on one type of social capital weakens social integration by weakening the reputation of individuals.

Political communication is an indispensable quality of highly organized democratic society. However, in modern societies, to achieve optimal efficiency of political communication, it has to refer to social bonds, values and symbols characteristic for this exact society. Therefore, it is hard to accept these models of democratic society, which indicate some kind of common, the same in different environment, model of efficient political communication. The author presents a hypothesis saying that this efficiency depends on attributes of specific society. Hence, each general model must be adopted to those attributes. The author cites Polish society as an example and attempts to point out that qualities of culture, tradition and social values determine political communication effectiveness. Such political communication, if adjusted to specific social bonds, not only causes transmission of political ideas but also stimulates social activity and reinforces civil society.

The paper is a contribution to the on-going discussion concerning factors determining civil society's development in Poland. It examines contemporary debates on civil society as well as financial mechanisms designed to promote people's civic engagement in Poland (the EU grants and so called 'percentage law' allowing citizens to support an NGO of their choice with 1 percent of their taxes). Detailed analysis of these mechanisms demonstrates that they are advantageous to some types of non-governmental organizations only, and disadvantageous to others, marginalizing the majority of small and middle-size organizations as well as specific types of claims. As a result, these mechanisms weaken rather than strengthen the development of grassroots spontaneous mobilizations and initiatives.

The article discusses the issue if social capital of the excluded people and the people living in poverty differs significantly from social capital of those who are not excluded or poor. The text presents the assets of "civic social capital", "friends and neighbours based social capital", as well as "family based social capital" with social exclusion. The article concludes with typology of the concepts of social capital' development and implementation as a solution to poverty and social exclusion.

Book reviews
Information

SOCIAL CAPITAL OF MARKET - Andrzej Matysiak
ELINOR OSTROM'S PERSPECTIVE ON SOCIAL CAPITAL - Jagoda Gandziarowska-Ziołecka, Joanna Średnicka
ON SOCIAL COHESION AND SOCIAL CAPITAL AND EUROPEAN AND POLISH SOCIAL COHESION - Stanisława Golinowska
SOCIAL CAPITAL - IS IT UNIVERSAL CURE? - Kazimierz W. Frieske, Kinga Pawłowska
ON THE DARK SIDE. NOT-SO-GOOD SOCIAL CAPITAL AND SOCIAL TIES - Paweł Poławski
THE ROLE OF SOCIAL BONDS AND SOCIAL CAPITAL IN POLITICAL COMMUNICATION AND DEVELOPMENT OF CIVIL SOCIETY - Jacek Wódz
THE THIRD SECTOR EXPANTION PROBLEMS. POLISH DEBATES ON CIVIL SOCIETY AND SOCIAL REALITIES - Elżbieta Korolczuk
SOCIAL CAPITAL AND SOCIAL EXCLUSION - Maria Theiss
COMPETITION FOR THE BEST M.D. THESES AND PH.D. DISSERTATIONS IN THE FIELD OF LABOUR MARKET ISSUES AND SOCIAL PLICY - NOTICE